Vacunarse contra la gripe en Uruguay ¿SI o NO?/Coletazos de un monstruo agonizante
La Piedra Alta, FLorida/foto del editor |
Comienza la campaña de vacunación y nos surgen de nuevo las preguntas.
Nuestra preocupación se centra en brindar información sobre como aconsejar responsablemente a nuestros pacientes y a los usuarios del sistema de salud sobre la vacunación antigripal.
Para los usuarios o quienes no conozcan The Cochrane Collaboration, se define a sí misma del siguiente modo (cita aquí textual de su pagina principal):
"...establecida en 1993, es una red internacional de personas que colaboran con los proveedores sanitarios, los políticos, los pacientes, sus defensores y cuidadores, para ayudar a tomar decisiones bien informadas sobre el cuidado de la salud humana mediante la preparación, actualización y promoción de la accesibilidad de las Revisiones Cochrane - unas 4500 hasta la fecha, publicado en línea en The Cochrane Library."
El enlace siquiente nos lleva a la pagina con la revisión sobre, Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults (Vacunas para la prevención de influenza,gripe, en adultos sanos/2011).
Mas abajo puede leerse mas detalles pero estas son las conclusiones:
Authors' conclusions
Influenza vaccines have a modest effect in reducing influenza symptoms and working days lost. There is no evidence that they affect complications, such as pneumonia, or transmission.
Las vacunas de la gripe muestran un modesto efecto en la reducción de los síntomas de la misma o en la reducción de los días de trabajo perdidos. No hay evidencia que ellas tengan influencia y modifiquen la aparición de complicaciones como neumonia o la trasmisión de la enfermedad.
Concluyente. Les recuerdo que la revisión hace referencia a "adultos sanos".
En Uruguay tenemos otro problema y es que nuevamente todas las vacunas contra gripe estacional disponibles están sin excepción asociadas a vacuna contra virus H1N1. Otra razón para no sugerir la vacunación en adultos sanos que ya estuvieron expuestos en forma masiva a este virus o recibieron inmunización el año pasado.
Para mayor detalle les invito a leer la última publicación de Juan Gervas en Equipo CESCA .
Si siguen el enlace tienen todo el documento pero por la contundencia de su documento copio lo siguiente que es información sobre vacunación en grupos de riesgo y en niños:
La vacunación en niños no previene las hospitalizaciones por gripe y sus
complicaciones, y los resultados sobre su efecto “protector” respecto a la
transmisión de gripe en la comunidad son inconsistentes y escasos (4). Esta
inmunidad “de rebaño” es poco esperable con las vacunas de virus
inactivados, como son las vacunas contra la gripe (5).
No hay ensayos clínicos a largo plazo ni en sanos, ni en los grupos de
riesgo, ni en niños, ni en adultos y por ello desconocemos los beneficios y
daños, pues también faltan estudios de seguridad (1,3,6).
En los mejores estudios observacionales sobre mortalidad por gripe, cuando
se eliminan los sesgos (principalmente, el sesgo de selección que lleva a
vacunarse a los más sanos entre los enfermos), la efectividad de la vacuna
antigripal es del 4,6%. Como mucho se evitarían 16 muertes de 100.000
asociadas a la gripe (7).
El editor
Información adicional.
This is a Cochrane review abstract and plain language summary, prepared and maintained by The Cochrane Collaboration, currently published in The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011 Issue 4, Copyright © 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.. The full text of the review is available in The Cochrane Library (ISSN 1464-780X).
This record should be cited as: Jefferson T, Di Pietrantonj C, Rivetti A, Bawazeer GA , Al-Ansary LA, Ferroni E. Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD001269. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001269.pub4
Editorial Group: Acute Respiratory Infections Group
This version first published online: October 25. 1999
Last assessed as up-to-date: June 3. 2010Vaccines to prevent influenza in healthy adults
Over 200 viruses cause influenza and influenza-like illness which produce the same symptoms (fever, headache, aches and pains, cough and runny noses). Without laboratory tests, doctors cannot tell the two illnesses apart. Both last for days and rarely lead to death or serious illness. At best, vaccines might be effective against only influenza A and B, which represent about 10% of all circulating viruses. Each year, the World Health Organization recommends which viral strains should be included in vaccinations for the forthcoming season.
Authors of this review assessed all trials that compared vaccinated people with unvaccinated people. The combined results of these trials showed that under ideal conditions (vaccine completely matching circulating viral configuration) 33 healthy adults need to be vaccinated to avoid one set of influenza symptoms. In average conditions (partially matching vaccine) 100 people need to be vaccinated to avoid one set of influenza symptoms. Vaccine use did not affect the number of people hospitalised or working days lost but caused one case of Guillian-Barré syndrome (a major neurological condition leading to paralysis) for every one million vaccinations. Fifteen of the 36 trials were funded by vaccine companies and four had no funding declaration. Our results may be an optimistic estimate because company-sponsored influenza vaccines trials tend to produce results favorable to their products and some of the evidence comes from trials carried out in ideal viral circulation and matching conditions and because the harms evidence base is limited..
We included 50 reports. Forty (59 sub-studies) were clinical trials of over 70,000 people. Eight were comparative non-RCTs and assessed serious harms. Two were reports of harms which could not be introduced in the data analysis. In the relatively uncommon circumstance of vaccine matching the viral circulating strain and high circulation, 4% of unvaccinated people versus 1% of vaccinated people developed influenza symptoms (risk difference (RD) 3%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2% to 5%). The corresponding figures for poor vaccine matching were 2% and 1% (RD 1, 95% CI 0% to 3%). These differences were not likely to be due to chance. Vaccination had a modest effect on time off work and had no effect on hospital admissions or complication rates. Inactivated vaccines caused local harms and an estimated 1.6 additional cases of Guillain-Barré Syndrome per million vaccinations. The harms evidence base is limited.
Authors' conclusions
Influenza vaccines have a modest effect in reducing influenza symptoms and working days lost. There is no evidence that they affect complications, such as pneumonia, or transmission.
WARNING: This review includes 15 out of 36 trials funded by industry (four had no funding declaration). An earlier systematic review of 274 influenza vaccine studies published up to 2007 found industry funded studies were published in more prestigious journals and cited more than other studies independently from methodological quality and size. Studies funded from public sources were significantly less likely to report conclusions favorable to the vaccines. The review showed that reliable evidence on influenza vaccines is thin but there is evidence of widespread manipulation of conclusions and spurious notoriety of the studies. The content and conclusions of this review should be interpreted in light of this finding.
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